Shell Waste Management and Utilization: Mitigating Organic Pollution and Enhancing Sustainability

Every year, close to 8 million tons of waste crab, shrimp and lobster shells are produced globally, as well 10 oyster, clam, scallop mussel shells. The disposed frequently dumped at sea or sent landfill, where they modify soils, waters marine ecosystems. Waste a major by-product, which should become new raw material be used the best their potential. There number applications for in many fields, such agriculture, medicine, chemical production, construction, environmental protection, cosmetic industry, food feed plethora other (often niche) applications, being developed by day. This review provides broad picture crustacean mollusc shell management reutilization possibilities, reviewing established, current, potential strategies, particularly from standpoint sustainability challenges energy demand.